What Does Trade Openness Measure?

Does More International Trade Openness Worsen Inequality

Does freer trade increase income inequality within countries, perhaps sufficiently to offset any benefits to the poor from higher overall per capita income? Figure 4 suggests that there is no simple association between changes in trade openness and changes in inequality. Certainly there are many well known cases of countries where inequality has risen as they became more integrated into the wor...

Trade openness, capital openness and government size

This paper provides empirical evidence of the relation between trade openness, capital openness and government expenditures in a cross-sectional time-series context. It is shown that capital openness is significantly and negatively related to government expenditures in line with the conventional wisdom that capital mobility may undermine the ability of governments to maintain larger public sect...

What does % V actually measure ?

The system of classifying languages by their rhythmic patterning traditionally and historically characterizes the patterns in terms of three groups. One group includes the so-called “stress-timed” languages like English, German, and Dutch, which are perceived as having equal intervals between stresses, and are described as sounding rhythmically like Morse code (James 1940). A second rhythmic cl...

What does cerebral oximetry measure?

Trade Openness and Antitrust Law*

Abstract. Openness to international trade and adopting stringent antitrust laws are both ways that countries can curb anticompetitive behavior. But scholars have long debated the relationship between these two tools. Some have argued that greater trade openness makes antitrust unnecessary, while others have argued that antitrust laws are still needed to realize the benefits of trade liberalizat...